Immunology is a study of immune systems in all organisms. Immunology consist charts, measures, and contextualizes the functioning of the immune system in terms of health and diseases, malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection and the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of the components of the immune system in vitro and in vivo. Immunology has applications in various parts of medicine, in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, parasitology, bacteriology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

An immune disorder is defined as dysfunction of the immune system. Those disorders are characterized in several different ways:

If the components of the immune system affected

If the immune system is overactive or underactive

If the condition is congenital or acquired

List of some autoimmune disorders

Lupus

Scleroderma

Certain types of hemolytic anemia

Vasculitis

Type 1 diabetes

Graves’ disease

Rheumatoid arthritis

Multiple sclerosis

Goodpasture syndrome

Pernicious anemia

Some types of myopathy

Lyme disease (Late)

Primary immune deficiencies

Primary immune deficiency disorders are caused by inherited genetic mutations. Secondary deficiencies are also known as acquired immune deficiencies and caused by something outside the body like virus or immune suppressing drugs.

Primary immune diseases have risk to increased susceptibility, and recurrent ear infections, pneumonia, sinusitis, bronchitis or skin infections. Patients with immunodeficiency may less frequently develop abscesses in internal organs, autoimmune or rheumatologic and gastrointestinal problems.

Primary immune deficiencies

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

DiGeorge syndrome

Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): In this level of B-cell are normal in circulation with decreased production of IgG throughout the years, so this is the only primary immune disorder which presents onset in the late teens years.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD): deficiency in the NADPH oxidase enzyme, this causes failure to generate oxygen radicals. The catalase positive bacteria and fungi results in the Classical recurrent infection.

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS)

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)

Hyper IgM syndrome

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)

NF-κB Essential Modifier (NEMO) Mutations

Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency: This is the most common defect in the humoral immunity which is characterized by a deficiency of IgA and produces repeating sino-pulmonary and gastrointestinal infections.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA; This is also known as Bruton type agammaglobulinemia) and characterized by a deficiency in tyrosine kinase enzyme which blocks the B-cell maturation in bone marrow. B-cells are unable to produce circulation and results in no immunoglobulin classes although they tends to be a normal cell-mediated immunity.

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP)

Ataxia–telangiectasia

Secondary immune deficiencies

AIDS

An allergy is an abnormal immune reaction to a harmless antigen.

Seasonal allergy

Mastocytosis

Perennial allergy

Anaphylaxis

Food allergy

Allergic rhinitis

Atopic dermatitis