Hematology is the study of blood, blood diseases and blood-forming organs.
Hematology includes the treatment of blood disorders and malignancies like hemophilia, lymphoma, leukemia, and sickle-cell anemia. Hematology is a branch of internal medicine which deals with the pathology, etiology, physiology, diagnosis, treatment of blood-related disorders.
Hematologists focus on bone marrow and lymphatic organs and diagnose blood count irregularities or platelet irregularities. Hematologists treat organs which are related to blood cells and includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and lymphoid tissue.
Hematologic disorders primarily affect the blood & blood-forming organs. These disorders include rare genetic disorders, anemia, HIV, sickle cell disease & sometimes complications from chemotherapy or transfusions.
These disorders are categorized below:
Myeloid
Sickle cell disease
Thalassemia
Methemoglobinemia
Anemias (In this there is lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin)
Iron-deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Folate deficiency
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (rare)
Infectious mononucleosis
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Rh disease (Rh D)
ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newborn
Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Penicillin (high dose)
Methyldopa
Hemoglobinopathies
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Direct physical damage to RBCs
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Secondary to artificial heart valve(s)
Aplastic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Diamond–Blackfan anemia (inherited pure red cell aplasia)
Acquired pure red cell aplasia
Decreased numbers of cells
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myelofibrosis
Neutropenia (decrease in the number of neutrophils)
Agranulocytosis
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
Hemoglobinopathies (this is a congenital abnormality of the hemoglobin or the rate of hemoglobin synthesis)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Myeloproliferative disorders (Increased numbers of cells)
Polycythemia vera
Erythrocytosis
Leukocytosis
Thrombocytosis
Myeloproliferative disorder
Transient myeloproliferative disease
Coagulopathies (disorders of bleeding and coagulation)
Thrombocytosis
Hemolytic anemias (destruction of red blood cells)
Genetic disorders of RBC membrane
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary elliptocytosis
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Idiopathic
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Evans syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and hemolytic antibodies)
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILT)
Myelomas
Multiple myeloma
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Disorders of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Hematological malignancies
Lymphomas
Recurrent thrombosis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Disorders of clotting proteins
Hemophilia
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B (also known as Christmas disease)
Hemophilia C
Von Willebrand disease
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Protein S deficiency
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
Leukemias increased WBC
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a sub-type of acute myelogenous leukemia
Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (MF)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL)
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL)
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL)
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGL)
Miscellaneous
Hemochromatosis
Asplenia
Hypersplenism
Gaucher’s disease
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Tempi syndrome
Hematological changes secondary to non-hematological disorders
Anemia of chronic disease
Infectious mononucleosis
AIDS
Malaria
Leishmaniasis
Bone marrow transplant
A bone marrow transplant may be a procedure that infuses healthy blood-forming stem cells into your body to exchange your damaged or diseased bone marrow. A bone marrow transplant is additionally called a somatic cell transplant.
You might need a bone marrow transplant if your bone marrow stops working and doesn’t produce enough healthy blood cells.
Bone marrow transplants uses cells from their own body which is also called autologous transplant or if in case from a donor is called allogeneic transplant.
A bone marrow transplant could also be used to:
To treat safely in the condition with high doses of chemotherapy and the radiation therapy by replacing/rescuing the bone marrow damaged by treatment
To replace the damaged bone marrow with new stem cell
Provide new stem cells, which may help kill cancer cells directly.Bone marrow transplants can benefit people with a spread of both cancerous (malignant) and non-cancerous (benign) diseases, including:
leukemia
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Aplastic anaemia
Bone marrow failure syndromes
leukemia
Hemoglobinopathies
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Immune deficiencies
Inborn errors of metabolism
Myeloma
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Neuroblastoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Plasmacyte disorders
POEMS syndrome
Primary amyloidosis
A bone marrow transplant poses numerous risks. In this people can experience minimum type of the problems with a bone marrow transplant, while in others can have serious complications that need treatment or hospitalization. Sometimes, complications are life-threatening.
Your particular risks depend upon many factors, including the disease or condition that caused you to wish a transplant, the sort of transplant, and your age and overall health. Possible complications from a bone marrow transplant include:
Graft-versus-host disease (allogeneic transplant only)
somatic cell (graft) failure
Organ damage
Infections
Cataracts
Infertility
New cancers
Death